In international arbitration in particular, AI is reshaping not only procedural efficiency but the epistemological architecture of decision-making.
ARTIFICIAL intelligence (AI) is no longer an auxiliary technological resource; it has become a structural component of contemporary legal practice.
In international arbitration in particular, AI is reshaping not only procedural efficiency but the epistemological architecture of decision-making.
In my recent book, The Practice of Law and International Arbitration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, I argued that AI must be understood not as a substitute for human judgement but as a cognitive extension of it.
From document analysis and predictive modelling to natural language processing and blockchain-assisted contracting, AI tools are redefining the operational reality of arbitral proceedings.
Yet, efficiency alone cannot justify their integration. The legitimacy of arbitration depends on fairness, transparency and the preservation of procedural guarantees.
These themes are further developed in my article, Artificial Intelligence and International Arbitration: Ethical, Procedural and Regulatory Challenges under the New Ciarb Guidelines, published in the Journal of Internet Law (Wolters Kluwer; February 2026). There, I examine the 2025 Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (Ciarb) Guidelines as a pivotal normative moment in the governance of AI within arbitration.
The guidelines recognise the inevitability of technological integration while insisting upon principles of human oversight, accountability, data protection and procedural transparency.
The central tension is therefore clear: How can arbitral institutions and practitioners harness AI’s capacity to optimise evidence review, procedural management and decision support, without undermining party autonomy, equality of arms and the right to be heard?
AI-assisted arbitration introduces a fourth structural actor into proceedings: the algorithm. When algorithms assist in identifying relevant documents, modelling reasoning pathways or supporting drafting functions, they influence outcomes – even if indirectly. This raises questions that go beyond technical compliance.
Can an award remain fully legitimate if essential analytical steps are shaped by systems whose internal logic may not be entirely transparent? Who bears responsibility when algorithmic tools materially affect legal reasoning?
Beyond efficiency, AI is also transforming the cognitive environment in which arbitration operates. Predictive systems can identify patterns in awards, litigation outcomes and judicial behaviour, potentially influencing strategic choices long before a hearing begins.
While this enhances analytical precision, it may also generate new asymmetries between technologically equipped parties and those with limited digital resources. In this sense, AI not only accelerates arbitration but subtly reshapes its balance of power.
Moreover, the regulatory landscape is evolving unevenly across jurisdictions. While the European Union advances a risk-based regulatory framework for AI and institutions such as Ciarb provide soft-law guidance, other regions remain at the policy or strategy stage.
This regulatory asymmetry creates additional complexity for international disputes involving multiple legal cultures and technological standards.
Cross-border enforceability of awards may, in future, intersect with questions of algorithmic integrity and procedural transparency.
The debate, therefore, is not whether AI should be used in international arbitration; it already is. The true question is how to structure its use in a manner that enhances procedural integrity rather than dilutes it.
At the forthcoming conference Litigation and International Arbitration in the Age of AI on March 26, hosted by the Global Academy for Future Governance – a globally operating consultancy organisation with over 850 experts and 360 partners from 100 countries around the world – and its event’s supporters, these issues will be addressed from a multidisciplinary perspective, examining legality, authenticity, morality, trust and compliance in the digital era.
The conference will particularly emphasise professional responsibility, confidentiality and data protecting whilst dwelling on judicial attitudes towards AI-assisted lawyering.
It will contextualise how predictive analysis and generative technologies can find their space in the courtroom, in a manner that is ethical yet futuristic.
The future of arbitration will not be decided by technology alone. It will depend on whether we succeed in aligning innovation with the foundational values of justice.
AI can accelerate proceedings, expand access to justice and improve analytical rigour but only if governed by coherent ethical and regulatory frameworks grounded in human responsibility.
The age of AI is not the end of human adjudication; it is a test of its resilience.
Dr Fernando Messias is a lawyer, arbitrator and mediator based in Lisbon, Portugal. He specialises in international arbitration, international trade law, corporate strategy and competition law, with extensive experience in complex cross-border disputes and commercial negotiations.
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